Different Ideas About Vaccination - Free Essay Example

In The Case Against Libertarian Arguments for Compulsory Vaccination, Justin Bernstein argues that justifying compulsory vaccination through a policy that promotes welfare is illogical. Bernstein states that welfare argument is invalid because the state is only vindicated in protecting negative rights. Since welfare is not a primary objective, libertarians cannot rightfully justify compulsory vaccination policy. To support this claim Bernstein analyzes separate attempts made by libertarians Robert Nozick and Jessica Flannigan to justify compulsory vaccination. The examples Bernstein includes are intended to represent unsuccessful arguments made in defense of compulsory vaccination policy. The Welfare Arguments are unsuccessful because they are overgeneralized and fail to reasonably justify the implementation of policy based on libertarian principles. It is noted that The Welfare Argument that substantiates the states ability to enforce compulsory vaccination policy is as followed: compulsory vaccination promotes public health and a non-excludable good by protecting citizens against avoidable diseases, promoting community health through the prevention of avoidable diseases increases the individual welfare, and the state is legitimate in implementing coercive measures that uphold the welfare of each citizen and cannot be overridden by the individual rights. Bernstein argues that resorting to compulsory vaccination measures contradicts libertarian claims that individuals possess sound negative rights over their body and property. As moral constraints, it would be unlawful to violate them through state coercion. Objections towards the impermissibility of compulsory vaccines interferes with credibility of libertarianism, and Bernsteins focus is the conflict between policy and libertarianism. Nozick addresses risk imposition as it applies to the states permissibility in prohibiting citizens from acting in a way that violates the rights of others and should include compensation. Applied to compulsory vaccinations, this means individuals can be coerced into receiving vaccines and to vaccinate their children but in part should receive monetary compensation. Other libertarians such as Eric Mack believe compensating individuals who have been denied their ability to exercise their rights contradicts the libertarian principle of against paternalis m. Associating rights with compensations treats them like commodities that can be purchased with individual consent. Bernstein recognizes how the state neither interferes with nor offers compensation for other rights, for example freedom of religion. Additionally, he expresses that treating the right to bodily integrity (793) through the refusal of vaccines differently than other liberties is objectionable. Bernstein states that Nozicks approach of risk imposition does not present adequate rationale as to why individuals are not permitted to not receive vaccination based on individual liberty. If remaining unvaccinated infringed the rights of others, or was not supported by a right the libertarians would easily be able to validate the states permissibility of compulsory vaccination. Bernstein recognizes Flannigans argument that individuals do not have the right to not be vaccinated or impose risk on others which justifies compulsory vaccination. She believes that remaining unvaccinated is as great of a risk as waiving a deadly weapon in the air. Bernstein argues that her approach falls short in justifying the institution of compulsory vaccines for two reasons. First, the imposition of deadly risk is not applicable unless many individuals remain unvaccinated small groups of unvaccinated individuals pose miniscule risk and does not constitute a rights violation. Secondly, if the absence of a right to impose risk was sufficient justification for the state to coercively prevent individuals from participating in activates, then other activities that the libertarians considered to be protected from state interference should also be eligible to state coercion. Along these lines, the core beliefs of libertarians are individuals have natural, strong negative rights to p roperty (Bernstein, 795) which includes governing their own bodies.    In his paper A Libertarian Case for Mandatory Vaccination, Jason Brennan argues that compulsory government-enforced vaccination can be justified even within a libertarian political framework (Brennan, 37). Brennan believes the case for mandatory vaccination is strong and justified within the libertarian framework. To support his claim the author references the clean hands principle which is utilized as a moral basis that prevents citizens from engaging in the collective imposition of unjust harm or risk of harm (Brennan, 37). It is noted that Brennan does not accept the imposition of vaccination based on the recommended cost-benefit analysis. He believes that coercing individuals to receive vaccines is an enforceable obligation that serves the common good, that being unvaccinated imposes unnecessary risk to others and justified based on libertarian framework. Along these lines, Brennans argument is not whether libertarianism is true, but that mandatory vaccination can be justifi ed among Brennan acknowledges that the common political views believed to be held by libertarians is individuals are self-owned and possess strong and absolute rights against interference (Brennan 38). He argues that group of libertarians that believe negative rights are absolute account for only a minority and that most libertarians believe that rights can be violated to prevent disaster. Assuming libertarians do not take absolutist position then justifying compulsory vaccination on the following arguments is feasible: Individuals possess strong non-absolute rights to refuse medication that can be overridden to prevent disaster (Brennan 38), if the vast majority of citizens do not receive vaccines against preventable diseases then there would be a disaster and therefore, coercive vaccination policy is permissible. The author compares the spreading of disease to disaster. He points out that if the growing minority refuses vaccination then the statistically low long-term implications could gro w into long-term consequences which constitutes a disaster that trumps individual rights. Brennan argues that vaccination advocates can also defend compulsory vaccination on grounds of hard paternalism which refers to government policies that coerce citizens into performing certain actions, or avoiding other actions, for their own good (Brennan 38). Libertarians are reluctant to start with this argument because they feel that adults rights to make children must be respected. Vaccines are a largely collective action, (Brennan 39) which involves the whole population and not just children. When the argue of paternalism is applied it complicates the issue because it requires clear parameters of the rights of the guardian in making decisions for the child and the childs rights within the guardianship. However, Brennan feels that if vaccines can be used as a tool to prevent individuals from causing unjust harm or risk for other citizens then they are grounds for libertarians justifying compulsory vaccination. In Conscientious Objection to Vaccination Clarke, Giubilini and Walker examine the conscientious reasons for vaccine refusal. The authors believe that conscientious objections include moral, philosophical and religious reasons. The two questions they focus on are: should individuals be entitled to conscious objections to compulsory vaccination for both their children and themselves and if individuals are entitled to conscious objections (CO), what restrictions or requirements should those objections be based on? Do you need question marks for both questions and should you capilatize Should?   The authors argue that in lieu of receiving vaccinations, objectors must make a reasonable contribution to society. The contribution should be dependent on the seriousness of the disease, the harm associated with refusing the vaccine and the morbidity of the disease. Another factor is whether CO threatens the herd immunity within a given population. If the number of CO continue to increase in regard to highly contagious or severe diseases this would pose a serious threat. Therefore, the requirements for individuals to refuse vaccination based on CO could be impermissible.   The authors believe that ethical concerns, philosophical discussions and epistemic questions revolving vaccines have been addressed, but the permissibility and handling of CO is a unknown. To analyze the two questions presented in the journal, Clarke, Giubilini and Walker study the analogy between CO to military service and CO to vaccination. The policies, practices and responses of CO to military service is a similar and well-developed in respect to recognizing individual rights, state objectives and military needs. The first section focuses on the ethical reasoning supporting the treatment of CO to military services. Policies have been instituted in the US, UK, and Australia for individuals who possess CO to military service and war. Objectors are typically given non-combatant or civic roles that do not work directly with military services but that support the welfare of society. The length of these duties can be up to twice the length of military service. Objectors must prove thro ugh tribunal assessment that their CO are real. The tribunal focuses on validity rather than sincerity. Since individuals cannot participate in military service, they have a duty to uphold their society and make additional contributions by taking on commensurate roles during periods of crisis.   Another reason to justify duties assigned to objectors is to ensure that they are not free-riding (Clarke, Giubilini and Walker, 158). The number of free-riders must remain low for society to survive. Clarke, Giubilini and Walker argue that infectious disease is comparable to threat of an opposing military force and war. It affects national security and societal and political stability. The analogy of war and disease extends beyond duties of contagion prevention and includes sub-duties outlining conduct during outbreaks such as quarantines. Individuals have a duty to follow outbreak protocol. They also have a duty to prevent outbreaks and participate in herd immunity through receiving vaccination. The authors express that the imposition of vaccination is just based on appealing to public safety or national security. This duty includes three costs that the individual assumes: personal risk, liberty cost, and utility cost. Liberty cost refers to the principle of liberty and utility cost includes medical appointments and distress associated with being vaccinated. This approach denies the right to object and the costs should correspond with benefits. The last section examines key impl ications of vaccination policy. The two general policy implications that accompany CO are objectors must be able to provide evidence of sincerity in objecting to vaccination and they have responsibility to contribute to the well-being of their society.

Role of the UNIA in the Black Community Essay - 1650 Words

Role of the UNIA in the Black Community (Essay Sample) Content: Role of the UNIA in the Black CommunityStudents NameInstructors NameCourse TitleDateRole of the UNIA in the Black CommunityIntroductionThe UNIA refers to the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The organization was founded by Marcus Garvey to proclaim Black Nationalism across the nations using the Back to Africa message. Marcus Garvey formed the movement in 1914 and named it the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Conservation African Communities Imperial League (UNIA-ACL). Later on, the imperial and conservation were dropped and it remained UNIA-ACL. Most people, however, are more familiar with the movement under the initials UNIA. The association was one driven by charity, humanitarianism, social, institutional, constructive, educational, and expansive objectives. UNIA gained political acclaim and it became a major movement not only in the United States by in Africa and Europe altogether. This paper seeks to prove that, although the UNIA sought to impr ove the lives of the Black Community, it consequently caused harm to a lot of the African American people and other black communities abroad.AnalysisMarcus Garvey was an inspirational figure, whose devotion to improving the lives of the Black Community brought forth mixed reactions across the nation. Although his plans seemed impossible, his dream, strength, desire, conviction, and unrelenting dedication led to the achievement of a fete that many a people had criticized. His efforts bore positive results, thus changing the lives of many African Americans and other Black Communities abroad. Garvey, born and bred in Jamaica, was already a keen learner in journalism and a promising orator. His life in Jamaica and his experiences with black people in London, Costa Rica, Limon, and Panama inspired him to establish a program that would enlighten the black community of the opportunities available to them worldwide.Garvey explains the origin of UNIA in an article entitled The Negros Great est Enemy: he states that while returning home from Southampton, he encounters a West Indian Negro travelling back home to the East Indies from Basutoland with his wife, who told tales of the horrors of native African life. It is from this story that Garvey decided to come up with the name that would soon become a revolution. Upon the formation of the UNIA-ACL, Garvey arrived in Jamaica but could not find the necessary support to grow his movement. Most black people in Jamaica did not want to classify themselves as Negroes, therefore, they despised him and his efforts. It is this lack of support that inspired Marcus Garvey to relocate to the United States in 1916, where he formed the official UNIA in 1917. 2000 members had registered within a span of three weeks. Within three months, the number had risen to 3500 in dues-paying members.The UNIA aimed at transforming people from non-believers, to people who believed in believed in themselves and shared common dream Black Nationalism . Through Garveys leadership, the UNIA inspired people by speaking and fulfilling the peoples wishes, dreams, and restoring their pride in the black race. Through its newspaper, the Negro World, UNIA was able to spread its philosophy, its ideas and Garveys motto of One God, One Aim, One Destiny. The UNIA gained membership across the board and funds became easily available for furthering the associations vision and mission. It is due to these funds that benefits started accruing to the members of the UNIA and the rest of the Black Community. UNIA acquired various assets such as halls, companies (Black Star Line, Inc., and Negro Factories Corporation). Both companies were capitalized at $10 million and $1 million respectively. Benefits to the Black CommunityCreation of JobsShare proceeds from the capitalization of Black Star Line, Inc. were used to purchase the SS Yarmouth, and the SS Shadyside. The vessels were used by the association to transport members during excursions and also rented out to other organizations. The BSL latter purchased another vessel, the Kanawha, later christened to SS Antonio Maceo. The vessel was used for transportation in the West Indies, thus creating jobs among members with expertise in marine transportation. The Negro Factories Corporation was one of the best sources of income for the Black Community due to its creation of jobs through its multiple enterprises. It owned two restaurants, three grocery stores, a laundry, a millinery shop, a tailor shop, a doll factory, a printing company, and a dress making company. All these enterprises created at least 700 jobs.It Provided a Platform where the Black Community Could Voice their ViewsThe UNIA was a humanitarian movement that advocated for equal rights, it reproached racism and equality in all walks of life: education, social welfare, jobs, housing, etc. It was a movement that preached that being black was not a bad thing, and people did not have to feel inferior because of their ski n color. The Negro World, a famous newspaper owned by the UNIA, was a key medium of expression. Marcus Garvey always had a front-page article where he would give the general status of the Negro Community and people of African ancestry across the world. The paper covered various languages, and included a section for women, where women rights and opinions could be expressed and addressed. The Liberty halls acquired across the nation were used to host various seminars, meetings, debates, and elections. Access to these resources empowered the members; the Black Community became could, therefore, impose certain demands on the government regarding their rights.CharityThe UNIA provided various opportunities to people in need, including education opportunities, donations through Garveys slogan of Africa for Africans. His links with nations in Africa such as Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa enabled him to acquire support and aid from his followers and mentees. These charitable activities also entailed fulfilling the dreams of those Negroes who wished to go back to Africa, which is why UNIA bought the SS Yarmouth.Inspiration to African CountriesGarveys influence in the UNIA was huge; he imposed his Rastafarian roots onto most Negroes, making the official colors the UNIA flag the same as those of the Rastafarian movement (red, black, and green). The color red represents the church triumphant and the blood of the persecuted black people. Black represents the color of the blacks, while green represents the beauty and vegetation of Africa, the homeland. His influence in Africa led to the adoption of the Rastafarian colors in countries such as Malawi, Kenya, Mozambique, Ghana, and the ANC of South Africa. These colors and the inspiration from the UNIA influenced most nations to fight for their own rights, for independence, for the right to vote, and for equality. The UNIA united the black community for a greater course a course of pride and fight against oppression.Har m to the Black CommunityThough UNIA provided many benefits to its members and the Black Community as a whole, most of the people were lynched in protests, hanged, shot, burned and beaten in street corners. Garveys UNIA turned into a political movement which became corrupted as fast as it became famous. There was misappropriation of funds within the movement, some of the ships purchased for transportation were faulty, wasting the money of most blacks who had funded the movement. The constant insults and attacks of powerful government officials led to the imprisonment and deportation of Marcus Garvey to Jamaica, leaving the Black Community without a visionary leader. During one of his Sunday talks in Harlems Lafayette hall, Garvey highlighted his contempt for discrimination following a massacre at St. Louis that saw many black men, women, and children killed in the streets by white mobs. The blacks were ran over by cars, burnt in their neighborhoods, others were strung up to poles, w hile others were shot to death if they tried to escape. The UNIAs philosophy aggravated the situation in other areas where blacks were despised; this led to the loss of lives, livelihoods, and loved ones efforts that were intended to silenc... Role of the UNIA in the Black Community Essay - 1650 Words Role of the UNIA in the Black Community (Essay Sample) Content: Role of the UNIA in the Black CommunityStudents NameInstructors NameCourse TitleDateRole of the UNIA in the Black CommunityIntroductionThe UNIA refers to the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The organization was founded by Marcus Garvey to proclaim Black Nationalism across the nations using the Back to Africa message. Marcus Garvey formed the movement in 1914 and named it the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Conservation African Communities Imperial League (UNIA-ACL). Later on, the imperial and conservation were dropped and it remained UNIA-ACL. Most people, however, are more familiar with the movement under the initials UNIA. The association was one driven by charity, humanitarianism, social, institutional, constructive, educational, and expansive objectives. UNIA gained political acclaim and it became a major movement not only in the United States by in Africa and Europe altogether. This paper seeks to prove that, although the UNIA sought to impr ove the lives of the Black Community, it consequently caused harm to a lot of the African American people and other black communities abroad.AnalysisMarcus Garvey was an inspirational figure, whose devotion to improving the lives of the Black Community brought forth mixed reactions across the nation. Although his plans seemed impossible, his dream, strength, desire, conviction, and unrelenting dedication led to the achievement of a fete that many a people had criticized. His efforts bore positive results, thus changing the lives of many African Americans and other Black Communities abroad. Garvey, born and bred in Jamaica, was already a keen learner in journalism and a promising orator. His life in Jamaica and his experiences with black people in London, Costa Rica, Limon, and Panama inspired him to establish a program that would enlighten the black community of the opportunities available to them worldwide.Garvey explains the origin of UNIA in an article entitled The Negros Great est Enemy: he states that while returning home from Southampton, he encounters a West Indian Negro travelling back home to the East Indies from Basutoland with his wife, who told tales of the horrors of native African life. It is from this story that Garvey decided to come up with the name that would soon become a revolution. Upon the formation of the UNIA-ACL, Garvey arrived in Jamaica but could not find the necessary support to grow his movement. Most black people in Jamaica did not want to classify themselves as Negroes, therefore, they despised him and his efforts. It is this lack of support that inspired Marcus Garvey to relocate to the United States in 1916, where he formed the official UNIA in 1917. 2000 members had registered within a span of three weeks. Within three months, the number had risen to 3500 in dues-paying members.The UNIA aimed at transforming people from non-believers, to people who believed in believed in themselves and shared common dream Black Nationalism . Through Garveys leadership, the UNIA inspired people by speaking and fulfilling the peoples wishes, dreams, and restoring their pride in the black race. Through its newspaper, the Negro World, UNIA was able to spread its philosophy, its ideas and Garveys motto of One God, One Aim, One Destiny. The UNIA gained membership across the board and funds became easily available for furthering the associations vision and mission. It is due to these funds that benefits started accruing to the members of the UNIA and the rest of the Black Community. UNIA acquired various assets such as halls, companies (Black Star Line, Inc., and Negro Factories Corporation). Both companies were capitalized at $10 million and $1 million respectively. Benefits to the Black CommunityCreation of JobsShare proceeds from the capitalization of Black Star Line, Inc. were used to purchase the SS Yarmouth, and the SS Shadyside. The vessels were used by the association to transport members during excursions and also rented out to other organizations. The BSL latter purchased another vessel, the Kanawha, later christened to SS Antonio Maceo. The vessel was used for transportation in the West Indies, thus creating jobs among members with expertise in marine transportation. The Negro Factories Corporation was one of the best sources of income for the Black Community due to its creation of jobs through its multiple enterprises. It owned two restaurants, three grocery stores, a laundry, a millinery shop, a tailor shop, a doll factory, a printing company, and a dress making company. All these enterprises created at least 700 jobs.It Provided a Platform where the Black Community Could Voice their ViewsThe UNIA was a humanitarian movement that advocated for equal rights, it reproached racism and equality in all walks of life: education, social welfare, jobs, housing, etc. It was a movement that preached that being black was not a bad thing, and people did not have to feel inferior because of their ski n color. The Negro World, a famous newspaper owned by the UNIA, was a key medium of expression. Marcus Garvey always had a front-page article where he would give the general status of the Negro Community and people of African ancestry across the world. The paper covered various languages, and included a section for women, where women rights and opinions could be expressed and addressed. The Liberty halls acquired across the nation were used to host various seminars, meetings, debates, and elections. Access to these resources empowered the members; the Black Community became could, therefore, impose certain demands on the government regarding their rights.CharityThe UNIA provided various opportunities to people in need, including education opportunities, donations through Garveys slogan of Africa for Africans. His links with nations in Africa such as Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa enabled him to acquire support and aid from his followers and mentees. These charitable activities also entailed fulfilling the dreams of those Negroes who wished to go back to Africa, which is why UNIA bought the SS Yarmouth.Inspiration to African CountriesGarveys influence in the UNIA was huge; he imposed his Rastafarian roots onto most Negroes, making the official colors the UNIA flag the same as those of the Rastafarian movement (red, black, and green). The color red represents the church triumphant and the blood of the persecuted black people. Black represents the color of the blacks, while green represents the beauty and vegetation of Africa, the homeland. His influence in Africa led to the adoption of the Rastafarian colors in countries such as Malawi, Kenya, Mozambique, Ghana, and the ANC of South Africa. These colors and the inspiration from the UNIA influenced most nations to fight for their own rights, for independence, for the right to vote, and for equality. The UNIA united the black community for a greater course a course of pride and fight against oppression.Har m to the Black CommunityThough UNIA provided many benefits to its members and the Black Community as a whole, most of the people were lynched in protests, hanged, shot, burned and beaten in street corners. Garveys UNIA turned into a political movement which became corrupted as fast as it became famous. There was misappropriation of funds within the movement, some of the ships purchased for transportation were faulty, wasting the money of most blacks who had funded the movement. The constant insults and attacks of powerful government officials led to the imprisonment and deportation of Marcus Garvey to Jamaica, leaving the Black Community without a visionary leader. During one of his Sunday talks in Harlems Lafayette hall, Garvey highlighted his contempt for discrimination following a massacre at St. Louis that saw many black men, women, and children killed in the streets by white mobs. The blacks were ran over by cars, burnt in their neighborhoods, others were strung up to poles, w hile others were shot to death if they tried to escape. The UNIAs philosophy aggravated the situation in other areas where blacks were despised; this led to the loss of lives, livelihoods, and loved ones efforts that were intended to silenc...